Post World War II, the ML-20 saw combat in numerous conflicts during the mid to late twentieth century. The breechblock was of interrupted screw type, with forced extraction of cartridge during opening. ML-20 with bag loading – In 1937 the Main Artillery Department decided, for economic reasons, to modify medium caliber guns to use bag loading instead of cased loading. The gun could also be towed with the barrel in its normal position, but in this case the transportation speed was limited, about 4–5 km/h (compared to 20 km/h with barrel pulled back). ML-20 with M-46-type carriage – ML-20 with a modified carriage, resembling in construction a carriage of the. Each held 22 litres of liquid. By the early 1930s the Red Army (RKKA) started to look for a replacement for the 152-mm howitzer M1909 and the 152-mm howitzer M1910. Although both pieces were eventually modernized, resulting in the 152-mm howitzer M1909/30 and the 152-mm howitzer M1910/37 respectively, these were relatively minor upgrades which brought only limited improvement in some areas and didn't address others. It was developed in 1937–1938 at the Motovilikha Mechanical Plant by a team headed by F. F. Petrov. In July 1941 these regiment were cancelled. For ballistic calculations and meteorological corrections a special mechanical device was developed. The main shortcomings of the ML-20 were its weight and limited mobility. Later in the war, corps artillery employed the 152-mm howitzer M1943 (D-1) with the same ballistics. The design proved to be too complicated for the Soviet industry of the early 1930s, similar to other designs like 122-mm howitzer M1934 or 20-mm and 37-mm autocannons. The D-20 is a Soviet 152 mm towed gun-howitzer. 152-mm howitzer M1938 (M-10) (Russian: 152-мм гаубица обр. The 2S43 "Malva" 152-mm self-propelled howitzer is a new wheeled 152mm design that seems to be a compromise between Msta-S and Koalitsiya, using the BAZ-6010-027 chassis. For army tests early in 1939, an improved design with a longer barrel was presented. Of other guns with more or less similar characteristics, there were French 155 mm guns model 1917 and 1918 with longer range, but some 3.5 tons heavier (as was the US 155 mm Long Tom). However, its mobility, maximum elevation and speed of traverse still needed improvement. This artilery system was widely exported to … The 152 mm ord… Its maximum range with a normal round is the same as that of the 152-mm towed howitzer D-20 (17,230 meters), and it probably fires a RAP round, increasing its range to about 30,000 meters. The same can be said about the US 155-mm howitzer M1 (14,600 m, 5,800 kg) or 149-mm howitzer manufactured by the Italian Ansaldo (14,250 m, 5,500 kg). [4] Many were lost in the early phase of the war, combined with a decision to stop the production it meant only limited quantity remained in service; these remaining guns in dwindling numbers were used for the remainder of World War II. [4] (all of the 152 H 88 series are being withdrawn as of 2007). Under the organization of 1939, each rifle division had a howitzer regiment with a 152-mm howitzer battalion (12 pieces). It was the most numerous 152 mm howitzer employed by Red Army in World War II. Same fate befell 152 mm howitzers battalions of motorized and armored divisions. In 1944, rifle corps of the Red Army had one artillery regiment each. Russian heavy self-propelled 152 mm howitzer 2S19 `Msta-S`. wikipedia 2S3 Akatsiya 100% (1/1) 2S32S3 "Akatsiya152 mm Its characteristics positioned it between classical short-range howitzers and special long-range guns. The Finnish Army captured 45 pieces and further 57 were purchased from Germany in 1944. Same fate befell 152-mm howitzers battalions of motorized and armored divisions. A safety lock prevented opening of the breechblock before the shot; if there was a need to remove a shell, the lock had to be disabled. (МЛ-20), 152-мм гаубица-пушка образца 1937 года (МЛ-20), Zheltov I. G., Pavlov I. V., Pavlov M. V., Solyankin A. G. -, Learn how and when to remove this template message, The Smolensk Region in the years of Great Patriotic War, "FINNISH ARMY 1918 - 1945: ARTILLERY PART 6", Finnish Army 1918-45: Heavy Howitzers at Jaegerplatoon.net, 25 mm automatic air defense gun M1940 (72-K), 37 mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=152_mm_howitzer-gun_M1937_(ML-20)&oldid=1004782457, World War II artillery of the Soviet Union, Articles lacking in-text citations from February 2012, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 8.18 m (26 ft 10 in) (with limber; barrel pulled back). Reserve of the Main Command incl… It had an armour penetration of 250 millimeters at an incident angle of 90°, 220 millimeters at 60°, 120 millimeters at 30°. Except the basic variant, the only variant to reach mass production was the ML-20S, developed for use in self-propelled guns, with differently placed controls for easier operation in small enclosed compartments. 172 in 1939. The ML-20 was officially classified as howitzer-gun, i.e. 2S27 Msta-K – A truck-mounted howitzer with the barrel assembly of the Msta-B. 172 Plant in Motovilikha tried to continue the modernization works, but the Main Artillery Directorate (GAU) insisted on more significant upgrade. The M-10 project provided the RKKA corps artillery with a modern 152-mm howitzer, which combined good firepower with good mobility (although, as the example of the D-1 shows, the latter characteristic could be improved without compromising the former). During transportation the barrel was usually retracted. In July 1941 these regiment were cancelled. The gun was in production from 1937–1946. [1] About 340 barrels for KV-2 heavy tanks were also built (for 334 serial production tanks and a few prototypes and experimental vehicles). The gun was adopted by Germans as 15.2 cm KH.433/1(r). The British BL 5.5 inch (140 mm) Medium Gun probably had the closest characteristics; weight slightly over six tons and range of 18,100 yd (16,600 m) with an 82 lb (37 kg) shell. This topic is categorised under: Guns » Howitzers » 152 mm Howitzer M1937 (ML-20) From 1943 the gun was employed by artillery regiments of armies. The 2A65 "Msta-B" is a Soviet towed 152.4 mm howitzer. 12.4 km (7.70 mi) The D-1 howitzer M1943 ( Russian: 152-mm gaubitsa obr. Its rate of fire was around three to four shells per minute with its muzzle velocity being 650 meters per second. The Finnish Army captured 37 guns of the type in 1941–44 and received additional 27 from Germany. The recoil travel was variable. The M-10 was considered too heavy for divisional artillery and not powerful enough for corps artillery; Lack of requirement for this type of weapon during the defensive phase of the war. Until the end of the year, four pieces were manufactured, 685 more in 1940 and 833 in 1941. When set to high-explosive (HE) action, the exploding shell produced a crater about 3.5 meters in diameter and about 1.2 meters deep. The device, called meteoballistic summator, consisted of a specialized slide rule and a pre-calculated table. (МЛ-20)), is a Soviet heavy gun-howitzer. the German 15 cm sFH 18 had a range of 13,325 m—about one kilometer longer than that of the M-10—but also weighed much more (5,510 kg in traveling position). As the experience of the ML-15 project suggests, the gun could be made somewhat lighter and more suitable for high-speed transportation. The new gun-howitzer, was a replacement of the pre-war gun-howitzer ML-20(the 152 mm howitzer M1937) and various World War II era 152 mm field howitzers, Model 09/30, Model 1910/30, Model 1938 M10 and Model 1943 D-1. Under the organization of 1939, each rifle division had a howitzer regiment with a 152-mm howitzers battalion(12 pieces). The ML-20 also used by artillery regiments (24 pieces) and brigades (36 pieces) of the Reserve of the Main Command. In 2002 a TV documentary featured ML-20 employed by the Afghan Northern Alliance forces against the Taliban fighters; it seems likely that the guns were initially supplied to the Najibullah's regime. It was restored later in the war. This universality was achieved by wide range of elevation angles and by using separate loading with 13 different propellant loads. It fires all standard Soviet and indigenous 152 mm rounds. Each of the box section trails has a castor wheel to assist the gun crew in bringing the weapon into action. Among other weapons supplied by Germans was a heavy howitzer, designated 152-mm howitzer M1931 (NG) in the USSR. Direct hit of a shell often resulted in tearing away a turret of a medium tank or jamming it in case of a heavy tank. Among other artillery pieces the Red Army (RKKA) inherited from the Imperial Russian Army a 152-mm siege gun M1910, developed by Schneider. In the Museum of Artillery and Engineering Forces, This page was last edited on 4 February 2021, at 10:31. 302 (L/25 barrel with constant rifling) and No. for suppressing enemy howitzers. At a range of one kilometer it had 358 m/s terminal velocity and was able to punch through up to 80 centimeters of reinforced concrete before detonating a TNT charge which increased the total penetration to 114 centimeters. 303 was found to be superior. Those pieces, developed before World War I, had unsprung fixed trail carriages and short barrels, which meant poor mobility, insufficient elevation and traverse angles and short range. [5] 152 mm projectiles for the M-10 weighed about 40 kg, making a difficult job for loaders, who had to carry the projectiles alone. The gun was fired by pulling a trigger-cord. 152mm Howitzer D-1 is a 6-stared unit affiliated with Martyrs Watch. The ML-15 was lighter (about 500 kg less in combat position, 600 kg in traveling position) and more mobile (maximum transportation speed 45 km/h). 1937 г. These data was obtained by Soviet methodology for armour penetration measurement (penetration probability of 75%).Values are not directly comparable with other methods for estimating penetration. When deployed in the firing position, these swing upwards through 180° and rest on top of each trail. Constrained by the limitations of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was looking for ways to proceed with weapons development and joint projects gave them such an opportunity. Some sources indicate that a third type - with loose liner - also existed. The following reasons are typically cited:.[3]. It could fire 152 mm shells at a distance of up to 17,200 meters. Captured guns were employed by Wehrmacht and the Finnish Army. 1943 g. (D-1)) is a Soviet World War II -era 152.4 mm howitzer. Some sources claim that the choice was made because of the economic factor—the ML-20 was more similar to the M1910/34, thus requiring fewer adjustments for production. The charges ranges from the "full charge" Zh-536 and smaller charges ranging from the "first" to "sixth", which was the smallest. The carriage was equipped with suspension and wheels from the ZiS-5 truck, increasing towing speed. 1909/30 гг.) The ISU-152 had a rate of fire of 2-3 rounds/min. It was adopted by Egypt and Syria and saw action in Arab–Israeli conflict. In a tank-mounted variant, M-10T, the gun was mounted on the KV-2 heavy tank. The ML-20 saw action in World War II, mainly as a corps / army level artillery piece of the Soviet Army. The M-10 used separate-loading ammunition, with eight different charges. 172 under the direction of FF Petrov. Heavy fragments of the OF-540 HE-Fragmentation shell were capable of piercing armour up to 20–30 mm thick, making a barrage dangerous to thinly armored vehicles and to some extent to heavier armoured ones as the fragments could damage chassis, sights or other elements; sometimes a close explosion caused damage inside a vehicle even though the armour remained intact. Ballistic Tables for the 152 mm Howitzer M1943. It’s considered one of the world’s best self-propelled guns. As a result, some of the guns were assigned to coastal artillery. was a Soviet 152.4 mm (6 inch) howitzer, a modernization of the 152 mm howitzer M1909, initially designed by Schneider. An initial attempt was made to overcome that issue through a collaboration with Germany. The gun continued to be used throughout the World War II. From February 1943 Germans manufactured ammunition for the gun. 1955 г.) While softening recoil and thus allowing for a lighter carriage, a muzzle brake has the disadvantage of redirecting some of the gases that escape the barrel toward the ground where they raise dust, revealing the gun position. 1937 г. 1938 г. Among other artillery pieces the Red Army (RKKA) inherited from the Imperial Russian Army a 152-mm siege gun M1910, developed by Schneider. The charges ranges from the "full charge" Zh-536 and smaller charges ranging from the "first" to "sixth", which was the smallest. Many guns were captured by the Wehrmacht early in the war, and adopted as 15,2 cm sFH 443(r). The M-10 used separate-loading ammunition, with eight different charges. Compared to older pieces such as the French Schneider model 1917 (11,200 m, 4,300 kg), the M-10 had advantage in range and comparable weight. The gun was fitted with both telescopic sight for direct fire and panoramic sight for an indirect one. It was in production from 1937 to 1946. Even early in the war, the Red Army wasn't passive, but tried to attack at every opportunity; moreover, howitzers are certainly useful in defensive combat too, e.g. Each of the box section trails has a caster wheel to assist the gun crew in bringing the weapon into action. The latter kept the M-10 in service until 2000. The G-530 HEAC anti-concrete shell had a muzzle velocity of 457 m/s when fired with the "first" charge. The newsfeed doesn't contain any items. For flash suppression there was a special chemical mixture which was inserted into cartridges before night firing. [5], The BP-540 HEAT projectile was not used during World War II. It is based on an 8x8 truck chassis. Excellent at suppressing the enemy, it was still used after the war. But these early failures gave Soviet developers some valuable experience. The use of a muzzle brake can be seen as a minor flaw: while softening the recoil and thus allowing the use of a lighter carriage, a muzzle brake has the disadvantage of redirecting some of the gases that escape the barrel toward the ground, where they can raise dust, potentially revealing the gun position. Some sources indicate that a third type—with loose liner—also existed. In July 1941 these regiment were cancelled. The Czechoslovakian howitzer K4 (used by Germans as 15 cm sFH 37(t)) was about 2 tons lighter, but with range more than 2 km shorter and only 178 pieces were built. A single prototype with powder bag loading was built in 1939. It was clear that a completely new design was needed. The new corps artillery regiments were supposed to be armed with 122-mm guns or 152-mm howitzers, but some memoirs mention that the ML-20 was also used. When compared to a typical contemporary howitzer of similar calibre, the M-10 had shorter range, but was lighter. is a manually loaded, towed 152 mm artillery piece, manufactured in the Soviet Union during the 1950s. The 2S3 provides highly mobile, all-terrain fire support for motorized rifle and tank divisions. ML-20s are on display in a number of military museums. This variant—152 mm tank howitzer M1938 (M-10T)—had a shorter barrel. Today it is no longer a modern weapon. 152.4: 152 mm howitzer M1910 Russian Empire: World War I 152.4: BL 6 inch 26 … The M1937 Howitzer or ML-20 was a heavy howitzer that was used by the Soviet Union during World War II. The 152 mm howitzer 2A65 (M1987) is mounted on a conventional split trail carriage and, when deployed in the firing position, rests on three points, the hydraulic circular firing jack under the forward part of the carriage and the two spades at the rear. The trials also revealed numerous defects in the gun construction: the howitzer suffered from insufficient upper carriage strength, leaks in the recoil buffer, unreliable suspension etc. A "special charge" was used with the BP-540 HEAT projectile. But when the ML-20 was developed, muzzle brakes were already a common design element in artillery pieces of that class. Pressure in the recuperator reached 45 Bar. A 7.62-mm machine gun is located on the commander's cupola. Smaller production rates toward the end of the war were caused by two reasons. These guns were adopted as 152 H 37. A number of these guns were modernized in 1988 and as of 2004 still remain in reserve as 152 H 88-37. 172 Plant in Motovilikha tried to continue the modernization works, but the Main Artillery Directorate(GAU) … The "B" in the designation is an abbreviation for Buksiruyemaya, which means towed. Captured pieces were used by Wehrmacht and the Finnish Army. In 1935-36 the No. In 1944, rifle corps of the Red Army had one artillery regiment each. Trumpeter 1/35 chinese 152mm type83 self propelled howitzer partially started , eBay Marketplaces GmbH (of Helvetiastraße15-17, 3005, Bern, Switzerland) is authorised by the FCA to conduct credit broking for a restricted range of finance providers. Russian 152 mm Self-Propelled Howitzer MSTA-S: Number: 3630: Scale: 1:35 : Type: Full kit : Released: 2017 | Initial release - new tool: Barcode: 4600327035394 (EAN) Packaging: Folding box (Top opener) Topic: 2S19 » Self-propelled artillery (Vehicles) 6,884 guns were manufactured and about 4,000 ML-20S barrels were used in the SU-152 and ISU-152 self-propelled guns. On the negative side, the ML-15 had a more complicated carriage (however, the final version of the ML-20 carriage incorporated some features of the ML-15). In the early stage of the German invasion of the Soviet Union hundreds of ML-20 were captured by the Wehrmacht. To assist loading when the barrel was set to high elevation angle, the breech was equipped with cartridge holding mechanism. Corps artillery units didn't employ 152 mm howitzers early in the war (they did use howitzer-guns ML-20); but from late 1943 the recreated corps artillery included a regiment consisted of five batteries (totaling 20 pieces), … Both guns used barrel and recoil system of the M1910/34. With three battalions of ML-20 (a total of 36 ML-20s). On 1 June 1941 the RKKA possessed more than thousand M-10s. Museum of Artillery and Engineering Forces, This page was last edited on 15 November 2020, at 07:42. Those regiment consisted of five batteries (totaling 20 pieces), equipped with 152-mm howitzers, 122-mm or 107-mm guns. Ground trials (19–25 October 1938) featured two pieces: No. The 152 mm howitzer 2A65 (M1987) is mounted on a conventional split trail carriage and, when deployed in the firing position, rests on three points, the hydraulic circular firing jack under the forward part of the carriage and the two spades at the rear. A special version of the shell, the G-530Sh, was developed to allow use with the full charge. Compared to the former, the ML-20 has better range (e.g. Reserve of the Main Command incl… A German howitzer with characteristics similar to those of the Soviet one—the 15 cm sFH 36—didn't reach mass production. It was primarily used for indirect fire against enemy personnel, fortifications and key objects in the near rear. It was developed in the early 1950's to replace most 152mm howitzer in Soviet service. 152 mm howitzer M1909/30 (Russian: 152-мм гаубица обр. This gun was also mounted in two Soviet assault guns/tank destroyers employed during WWII. The gun was developed by the design bureau of the plant no 172, headed by F. F. Petrov, as a deep upgrade of the 152-mm gun M1910/34, in turn based on the 152-mm siege gun M1910, a pre-World War I design by Schneider. Second, after the Soviets started to field heavy tanks such as the JS series that used the A-19 122mm gun, the plant was ordered to increase the production of the A-19 instead of the ML-20.[2]. [3] It also saw combat in the Winter War against the Mannerheim Line fortifications. the German 15 cm sFH 18 had range of 13.3 km), which often allowed it to shell positions of enemy artillery while remaining immune to enemy fire. The trails were of riveted construction. Technical papers were submitted to the Artillery Directorate on 1 August 1937 and on 2 November the first prototype was completed. While the gun was generally liked, the Finnish Army didn't possess enough prime movers suitable for towing such a massive piece. was a limited production Soviet 152.4 mm (6 inch) howitzer, a modernization of the 152 mm howitzer M1910, initially designed by Schneider.The gun was employed by Red Army in World War II. An experimental ML-20 piece was built in 1939; the trials were unsuccessful. 152mm Howitzer … [3] The OF-530 is still fired from modern 152 mm ordnance pieces of the Russian Army. It consists of the gun itself, and three crewmen: two to operate the howitzer, and an additional crewman to provide some covering fire with an M1 Carbine semi-automatic rifle or replace one of the other crew members if they are killed. The ML-20 also inherited the wheels, suspension and trails from the older gun. The ML-20 was one of the most successful Soviet artillery pieces of World War II. The M-10 was used against personnel, fortifications and key objects in the rear. The first combat use of the ML-20 was in the Battle of Khalkhin Gol, in limited numbers. The Howitzer does not automatically open fire at enemy targets. an artillery system which combines characteristics of a howitzer and (to lesser extent) of a gun and therefore can be used in both roles. After some defects (mostly in carriage) were eliminated, the ML-20 was recommended for production and on 22 September 1937 it was adopted as 152-mm howitzer-gun model 1937 (Russian: 152-мм гаубица-пушка образца 1937 года (МЛ-20)). It was developed in 1937–1938 at the Motovilikha Mechanical Plant by a team headed by F. F. Petrov. It had a modern split trail carriage which allowed for a much larger traverse. The gun was modernized twice in 1930s, resulting in the 152-mm gun M1910/30 and the 152-mm gun M1910/34. The recoil system consisted of a hydraulic buffer and hydro-pneumatic recuperator. However, only eight pieces were completed in 1932–1934 until production was stopped. Reserve of the Main Command included howitzer regiments (48 pieces) and heavy howitzer brigades (32 pieces). Complexity and steel intensity of the carriage; Soviet ordnance plants either were lost or were busy producing other equipment that had higher priority. The barrel, much longer than that of older designs, was fitted with an interrupted screw breechblock with recoil devices consisting of a hydraulic recoil buffer and hydro-pneumatic recuperator. The gun is mounted externally between two separated compartments of the turret. The DANA is armed with a turret-mounted 152 mm gun-howitzer. Although production of the gun was stopped in 1941, it saw combat with the Red Army until the end of World War II and remained in service until the 1950s. In 1935-36 the No. [1], The M-10 entered production at the Plant No. [2], Soon after the outbreak of the war, mass production of the gun was halted. The 152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20) (Russian: 152-мм гаубица-пушка обр. More about the 152 mm Howitzer M1937 (ML-20) howitzer The 152 mm Howitzer M1937 (ML-20) -page contains all related products, articles, books, walkarounds and plastic scale modeling projects dedicated to this gun. Excellent characteristics of the gun, including reliability and ease of maintenance, allowed it to remain in service with the Soviet Army for a long time after the war. (М-10)) was a Soviet 152.4 mm (6 inch) howitzer of World War II era. Adopting the light mount from the 122mm M-30 and the barrel from the M-10 gun, it was easier to move than the M-10. The M2 152mm Howitzer is not truly a Defensive Structure, but more of a Weapon Team. Propellant charges were produced in "full" and "third" variants in munitions factories. All other charges were derived from removing small gunpowder bags from the charge cartridge. Although production of the gun was stopped in 1941, it saw combat with the Red Army until the end of World War II and remained in service until the 1950s. Until May 1944, the main armament was the 152.4 mm ML-20 model 1937 gun-howitzer. 303 (L/20 barrel with progressive rifling). The gun could be set up for combat in 8–10 minutes. The latter kept the M-10 in service until 2000. Unlike its eventual successor, the D-1, the M-10 was not equipped with a muzzle brake. Those could be merged to form artillery divisions.[1]. The gun was developed by the design bureau of the plant no 172, headed by F. F. Petrov, as a deep upgrade of the 152-mm gun M1910/34, in turn based on the 152-mm siege gun M1910, a pre-World War I design by Schneider. The 15 cm sFH 40 was never produced due to construction defects; the 15 cm sFH 42 had insufficient range and only 46 pieces were built. The same fate befell 152-mm howitzer battalions of motorized and armored divisions. With two battalions of ML-20 and two of either A-19 or 107-mm guns (a total of 24 ML-20s). 1937 г. After the war the ML-20 was widely exported to Warsaw Pact allies and to many states in Asia and Africa (in some of those states the gun still remains in service). 152mm Howitzer M-10 is a 6-stared unit affiliated with Martyrs Watch. 152 mm howitzer M1910/37 (Russian: 152-мм гаубица обр. The carriage, designated 52-L-504A, was also used in the 122-mm gun model 1931/37 (A-19). The 152 mm gun-howitzer M1955, also known as the D-20, (152-мм пушка-гаубица Д-20 обр. In a tank-mounted variant, … Captured pieces were used by Wehrmacht and the Finnish Army. It is possible to install an upgraded version of this gun, but the data is missing due to the secrecy of the development. The ML-20 saw action in World War II, mainly as a corps / army level artillery piece of the The barrel was manufactured in two variants − monobloc or built-up. It is not clear why the ML-20 was preferred. The carriage was of split trail type, with shield and balancing mechanism, leaf spring suspension and steel wheels with rubber tires (some early production pieces received spoked wheels with solid tires from M1910/34). Some found these arguments questionable. After World War II similar devices were introduced for other types of guns. Consequently, the design bureau of the plant developed two guns ML-15 and ML-20. However, at that time, the Soviets had little experience in developing modern artillery pieces. Those regiment consisted of five batteries (totaling 20 pieces), equipped with 152-mm howitzers, 122-mm or 107-mm guns. Among other places, the gun can be seen: 152-мм гаубица-пушка обр. It has been produced under license in China and Romania. First, most of the barrels produced in these years were ML-20S. Together with the 122-mm gun A-19 it formed a so-called "corps duplex". While the former project was initiated by GAU, the latter started as private development; the team working on it was led by F. F. Petrov. In this way the crew is completely isolated from potentially dangerous gun and autoloader mechanisms and is protected from the powder gasses generated during firing. [citation needed]. The No. 152 Mm Howitzer M1938 (M-10) - Ammunition. 1910/37 гг.) Production rates were growing. The ML-15 reached ground tests in April 1936, was returned for revision and was tested again in March 1937, this time successfully.
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